Mixed-income planning has become the common-sense approach to public housing redevelopment in Toronto. Based on the premise of physical design dictating behaviour, social mix theory hinges on the idea that diluting the proportion of rental tenure via the supply of privately-owned units will break apart pathologies commonly accepted as being produced by concentrations of poverty. Interestingly, both the perceived benefits of social mix theory and the pathologies assumed to be produced by concentrations of poor people are empirically unfounded. However, by exercising place-making strategies that focus predominantly on the negative social and physical attributes of low-income neighbourhoods, change appears necessary and to the benefit of all involved. In this Major Paper, I will introduce the proposed Alexandra Park redevelopment as a case study of municipally-managed gentrification and mixed-income planning. The idea of a redeveloped Alexandra Park has been sparked by a progressive councillor and an involved group of residents accustomed to transformations in the governance structure of their neighbourhood. However, without the high exchange value of its prime downtown location, private investment in this economically underutilized neighbourhood would be unlikely. Aided by the territorial stigmatization of the neighbourhood and the racialization of its residents, place-making has enabled the common-sense approach to redevelopment in Alexandra Park legitimized by the concentrations of poverty thesis. It is my position that the existing residents of Alexandra Park will not reap the assumed, yet unwarranted, benefits commonly associated with socially mixing economically polarized groups of citizens. Redevelopment, instead, will lead to revalorized land that generates revenue in the form of property taxes, and a micro-segregated neighbourhood threatened by long-term gentrification processes related to increasing property values and consequent service transformations. Federal government shifts from redistributive and protective public policies to neo-liberal policies supporting growth and privatization that have occurred over the past three decades, have enabled the downloading of public housing provision from higher orders of government to fiscally austere municipalities, forcing housing providers such as Toronto Community Housing to rely upon private investment to cover operational costs. Consequently for the current residents, however, private investment in Alexandra Park will reduce their proportional composition to half of what it is today. Its current composition comprised predominantly of visible minorities, new immigrants, and low-income households in general, combined with a high exchange value of the neighbourhood, renders Alexandra Park highly vulnerable to municipally-managed gentrification. To borrow Jim Silver’s (2011) perspective regarding redevelopment, the razing of public housing neighbourhoods is less a response to the problems within them and more a project to valorize land and implement the agenda of neo-liberal governments, which are prepared to rearrange the lives of public housing tenants in the interest of more affluent soon-to-be residents.

This paper analyzes the Beaufort Sea maritime boundary dispute and the risk it poses to Canadian Arctic sovereignty and resource extraction in the North as the effects of climate change become more apparent. The confluence of environmental change, national level policies, international governance regimes, and how they come together to govern the Beaufort Sea is, of utmost concern to Canada and relations with Arctic partners, including, most notably, the United States of America (US). Therefore, this paper integrates thinking from each of these fields to explore the history, status, role and future relevance of the Beaufort Sea maritime boundary dispute in Arctic governance debates to analyze the linkages between Arctic sovereignty and energy development. More fundamentally, this paper seeks to understand why the dispute has not been resolved, what a resolution may look like, and who stands to benefit, through an analysis of the role of international law as it relates to the seas to determine what this says about the current stakes and interests involved there.

Drawing on the work of historians, geographers, writers and other Black Canadian Studies scholars I argue that Blackness has been systematically ‘disappeared’ from the Canadian nation. I explore various mechanisms through which this disappearance has been achieved, ranging from historical omissions to social exclusion as well as literally burying evidence of Canada’s Black past. Numerous theorists agree that the absence of Blackness defines the Canadian landscape and although their ideas about how to redress this absence vary, their work demonstrates that this absence is highly generative for Black artists and scholars. I apply this insight to my work as a digital artist creating HUSH HARBOUR, a sonic walk that utilizes digital media and performance to reimagine the past from the perspective of the present and future and to remap Blackness onto the Canadian landscape in embodied and sonic ways. Embracing elements of African Diasporic sonic, fantastic and spiritual traditions, I evoke a site of memory and desire within which participants recreate, reveal and transform the space that currently hides the Black presence.

Processes of conflict and domination have historically influenced and continue to influence patterns of mass migration; in some cases, over time shaping the formation of diasporas. These processes have contributed to a rapidly growing body of literature exploring various aspects of what has been termed the migration-development nexus. Contrary to early arguments suggesting that migrants assimilate fully into the societies in which they settle, it is largely observed today that migrants inhabit transnational spaces where they varyingly maintain ties with their ‘home countries’. More recently, literature has acknowledged the ways subsequent generations raised outside the ‘homeland’ are socialized into transnational social fields and thus also lead transnational lives. A range of local, national and global actors have recognized the importance and potential of emigrant populations to transnational processes. Specifically, the ‘sending state’ has been an integral actor in the cultivation and mobilization of its dispersed populations. Relying on a host of mechanisms to ‘court’ their dispersed populations, states adopt policies in an attempt to institutionalize relationships with their diasporas. This portfolio situates itself within this relatively recent, yet quickly growing body of literature on the role of the state in transnational processes. Grounding my analysis in the Eritrean transnational social field, this portfolio locates the role of the Liberation Front-turned-State in engaging its dispersed populations over time. I emphasize the continuities, changes and ruptures that have highlighted and arise from Eritrean state-diaspora relationships since the formation of the Eritrean diaspora. In the face of significant legitimacy loss, relationships between the state and its local and dispersed populations have increasingly become marked by control and coercion aimed at ideologically and physically disciplining citizens. While my analysis is contextually situated within the Eritrean transnational social field, I acknowledge that the issues I explore are located within broader global processes. Thus, my analysis fluidly shifts between individual, national and global levels of analysis to highlight the differing and competing political considerations that are at play at each level.

This Major Paper is a phenomenological investigation of lighting in built environments. As a work in phenomenology, there is no thesis guiding the inquiry. Instead, the paper is framed around a set of questions, and a search for insights through experience. Research is focused on the relationship between experiential and theoretical understandings of light, and the implications for ecological design. Much has been said regarding the varied history and theories of light. Likewise, quantitative concerns over lighting are prevalent in environmental literature. However, few works explore light from a qualitative perspective. As such, a new avenue is opened here for exploration – investigating the philosophical presuppositions informing understandings of light and their significance for environmental thought. The underlying thematic focus is a consideration of light’s ability to either foster or hinder notions of connectedness between humans and the more-than-human world, specifically in built environments. After introducing the topic of light as an area of inquiry, the larger theoretical framework, namely ecological design, is addressed. An argument is made for a deeper questioning of beliefs informing design theory, and the usefulness of environmental thought for progressing this goal. Phenomenology, and specifically embodied architectural phenomenology and Merleau‐Pontian ecophenomenology, are introduced as a more focused methodological and conceptual framework, merging architectural theory and environmental thought. Utilizing this framework, a research methodology is developed that combines hermeneutic and first person phenomenological analysis. Following the establishment of a conceptual framework, a phenomenological investigation of light is undertaken. The argument is made that, due to light’s unique nature, it cannot be experienced as an isolated phenomenon. Hence, metaphorical interpretations are used to describe and understand light. While some conceptual abstractions (discussed herein) can be useful, they also disregard the experiential light informing their existence. A proposed understanding of light through relationality, akin to Merleau‐Ponty’s notion of flesh, is made. From this new vantage point, a contemporary interpretation of light is explored. After establishing a relational conception of light, the tension between experiential and interpretive understandings are explored in three case studies: Dundas Square, The Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, and St. Gabriel’s Passionist Parish. A chapter is devoted to each site, designed as phenomenological descriptions with inserted historical/philosophical touchstones. The format is meant to further discussion concerning the relationship between experiences of light and metaphorical overtones, as well as how understandings of light manifest in built environments. Throughout each case study, several insights are uncovered regarding light and lighting’s ability to enhance or shadow the connectedness between humans and the more‐than‐human world. The conclusion briefly summarizes case study findings, and offers future directions for related research.

This major research paper addresses the question of how a sub-national entity such as Ontario can design an environmentally effective greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading system in the context of policy gridlock in Canada and through the UNFCCC process. The paper begins by exploring the historical context of climate change policy at the international and national levels in order to demonstrate how we have arrived at the current situation of policy gridlock and illustrate the opportunity for sub-national entities such as Ontario to take a progressive approach to climate change mitigation. But as climate change policy develops in an asymmetrical fashion within Canada, North America and the globe, policymakers in Ontario need to carefully design the proposed emissions trading system to balance the need to maintain environmentally integrity of the system (i.e. make a contribution to the decarbonization of the provincial economy) without overly harming the economic competitiveness of the province vis-à-vis neighboring jurisdictions who are not implementing comparably stringent policies. Such asymmetrical policy development could damage the long-term political acceptability of the program should economic losses reduce the relative prosperity of Ontarians and also the environmental integrity of the program if emissions-intensive activities relocate to jurisdictions without stringent GHG controls. As such the paper examines important elements of emissions trading programs: setting the cap; distributing allowances; designing the offset system; managing the interaction with existing renewable energy policies; and the treatment of emissions-intensive trade-exposed industries; with a view to improving the environmental integrity of Ontario’s proposed program without harming its economic competitiveness. In each of these areas the experience garnered in the European Union Emissions Trading program (EU ETS) has been leveraged to provide policy recommendations to Ontario policymakers. The EU ETS has been in operation longer than any other GHG emissions trading program, and is the closest in design to Ontario’s proposed system. With the EU ETS having undergone a major revision in 2009 which will apply for the 2013-2020 time period, there is a major opportunity for Ontario to apply the lessons learned in Europe to its emissions trading program. The research methodology for this paper was a comparative analysis that used primary sources in the form of policy documents and interviews to understand the proposed design of Ontario’s program and secondary research using academic research that has evaluated the effectiveness of emissions trading programs in Europe and beyond.

It is well established that conventional agriculture imposes external costs on society and reduces the many benefits that agroecological systems produce, especially in highly cultivated watersheds where farm fields and larger landscape elements alike have been compromised and simplified. Conserving soil, water and biodiversity is essential to improve the ecosystem services that sustainable agroecosystems provide, including food, moderate and sufficient water flows, filtration of wastes and purification of surface and ground waters, and habitat for wildlife. Best management practices and landscape conservation objectives, when combined with support and financial incentives can reward farmers’ provision of these multiple benefits. Organic farming integrates many ‘best management practices’ in a holistic approach to improving the farm environment by minimizing external inputs and fostering natural processes. Future scenarios are a creative way to explore the impact of alternative land management approaches in a realistic manner to probe potential economic and ecological impacts over time and can be used to improve decision-making and perspective on the likely outcomes of distinct policy trajectories. This study took a future scenarios approach to exploring a sub-watershed level transition to organic agriculture in the Middle Maitland sub-watershed above Listowel, Ontario, combining geospatial, environmental, ecological, agricultural, economic and institutional factors and employing GIS and Enterprise Budgeting methods. The model permitted an assessment of some of the potential enhancements in the levels of ecosystem services provided by the farming area, combined with a model of annual net returns and a set of incentives designed to reward ecosystem services from farming over a ten-year period. The organic scenario displayed the expected fluctuations in returns over the transition period, and beef farmers (both conventional and organic) and stockless farmers (organic) faced significant financial difficulty; overall, ten year returns saw organic receive higher net returns than conventional for 5 of 6 farm types. Program payments over ten years for the conventional and organic scenarios amounted to $1 million and $1.5 million respectively, however organic program total ten year costs to government and conservation foundations increased to $2.25 million when considering more aggressive support for beef and stockless farmers. Preliminary estimates from the model indicate significant expected improvements with the organic scenario above the conventional scenario for several ecosystem services, as well as higher satisfaction of landscape conservation targets established by authorities to achieve a ‘healthy watershed’ in the Maitland Valley. This work will set the stage for further alternative agriculture scenario modeling for the Maitland Valley in other research initiatives.

Stereotypes and constructs of indigeneity have social, legal and economic implications for Aboriginal communities in Canada. In particular, essentialist constructs of indigeneity, whether they are manipulated by Aboriginal people themselves or used by judges as legal tests, significantly inform the making of judicial decisions. This paper explores how essentialist constructs of indigeneity both influence judicial decisions and restrict the economic self-determination of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. In the first chapter, a conceptual framework is developed to examine the appropriation of essentialist constructs by those at the margins of society while being explicitly critical of the various essentialisms embedded in modernisation theory, i.e. the tradition-modernity polarity. An analysis of the 1973 Kanetewat v. James Bay Development Corp. in the next chapter highlights the benefits of the strategic use of essentialist constructs of indigeneity by Aboriginal people: opposing hydroelectric development on the grounds that it would harm their traditional way of life, the James Bay Cree successfully brought the James Bay Project to a halt. Finally, my last chapter demonstrates the limited effectiveness nowadays of strategic essentialism in the judicial system. Through my analysis of the impact of the 1982 Canadian Constitution on certain subsequent Supreme Court cases, the most noteworthy of which is the 2005 Marshall R. v.; Bernard R. v. Supreme Court decision, this chapter shows that legal constructs of indigeneity embedded in the legal system (i.e. “frozen” rights approach to Aboriginal rights) block Aboriginal people from engaging in resource development. In sum, Aboriginal people in Canada do not have the liberty to assert their right to self-determination since they can only legally engage in traditional and customary practices: not only does this imply that they have less than full ownership of their traditional lands, it also means that Canadian jurisprudence restricts them from being modern Aboriginal communities, i.e. to assume both modern and traditional identities. Key Words: economic self-determination, modernity, Aboriginal rights, resource development.

This major paper examines the implementation of the Province of Ontario’s Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe and utilizes the Region of Peel and its three area municipalities as a case study subject. Premised upon an interest in researching the intersection of governance, sustainability and growth management within a current regional planning context, this paper identifies a highly divergent implementation politics within Peel. Expressions of autonomy and interest in local determination over community planning and growth are unveiled and are shown to be enveloped by local development pressures and differing development emphases. Sustainability and governance form the theoretical foundation of this study and their interplay with growth management is explored as is the applicability of the emerging concept of Multi-Level Sustainability Governance to Ontario’s regional planning landscape. The Growth Plan holds tremendous potential for changing the urban form of the Greater Golden Horseshoe but relies upon successful and consistent implementation. Although the Province regards the Growth Plan as a tool for achieving community sustainability, a shared definition of sustainability remains to be formulated and as such, competing visions of sustainability challenge the foundations of the Plan. Furthermore, the Plan’s goal of consistent implementation is being challenged on three fronts: i) through unfolding scalar tensions; ii) as a result of varying governance objectives; and iii) due to unresolved provincial-regional and regional-municipal governance conflicts. Compliance can be achieved through enforcement measures held in-place by the Province but it is questionable if these will be executed considering the Province’s very recent re-entry into regional planning matters. However, with implementation continuing into 2009, municipal governments are just beginning to understand the implications of the Plan’s policies and new governance and sustainability challenges are bound to arise, thereby beckoning further research into contemporary regional planning in the Greater Golden Horseshoe.

Traditionally, autism has been treated as a disability in that individuals with autism have been thought to have deficits that need to be remedied. This notion has been perpetuated by the definition of autism provided by the medical model, as well as notions of the “norm.” “Environmental thinking,” as defined by the Faculty of Environmental Studies (FES), allows for the examination of autism outside of this predominant common sense view that pathologizes it. From a critical disabilities perspective, the hegemonic view of autism serves to oppress individuals with autism and other so-called disabilities. Alternatively, the social model of disability proposes that the environment is what enables or disables individuals. One important environment is the pedagogical environment. Given the prevalence of autism and the high costs associated with providing the necessary support, education has become a social and political issue. Pedagogical approaches currently used can be controversial. The fields of critical pedagogy and critical special education offer insights that could serve to inform and improve educational practices. These critical fields suggest the alternative perspective that people with autism have a different way of knowing that is different from predominant western ways of knowing, but is equally valid. This study is guided by several questions that emerge from this notion, including questions about the ways in which people with autism “know” the world, as well as the appropriateness of certain pedagogical approaches. In addition, this inquiry is structured around themes from critical disability studies including: honoring the experience of “disability,” inclusion versus exclusion, visibility versus invisibility, and “disability” as a political and social issue. These themes serve to highlight some of the current issues facing people with autism, their parents, and educators. The qualitative study, which is part of this work, provides important first-hand information from these different groups. This study concludes that as individuals with autism comprise a heterogeneous population, there is no single best pedagogical approach. Rather, the method should be tailored to address the needs of the individual. In addition, it is suggested that there are problems with current conceptions of the “norm,” intelligence, and pedagogical approaches as these can be too narrow and often serve to exclude individuals with autism as well as those with other exceptionalities. A broader definition of intelligence is needed, such as the one proposed by Dr. Howard Gardner’s concept of multiple intelligences, which recognizes different abilities and respects multiple ways of knowing. Furthermore, pedagogues should be mindful of the hidden curriculum as this is universally difficult for children with autism to grasp. Ultimately, through the challenging of current hegemonic notions of autism, it is possible to envision a world where the common sense will be shifted to see autism as an opportunity for individuals to live out a unique way of being, and for society to learn from their gifts and experiences.

Ecocriticism, the “study of literature and the environment” (Glotfelty xvii) is expanding to meet the needs of an ever changing environment, currently shifting to include a broader range of critical methodologies, genres and styles. As such an exploration of the ways in which differential knowledge produced by various methods of presentation of similar information influences the quality and effectiveness of ecocritical discourse and the development of ethical behaviour is an important endeavour when considering ecocritical perspectives on environmental education. In particular the incorporation of the ideals of narrative criticism and the flexibility of representation and subject matter of creative writing is an opportunity to present ecocritical practice to a wider range of individuals. By treating two pieces of “popular literature” in two different styles, academic and creative, the following study aims to investigate the importance of these differing vantage points in elucidating environmental relationships within and outside of the texts. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll and Three Day Road by Joseph Boyden are the focus of ecocritical study and the inspiration for works of creative fiction in the following study.

It is rare to find a critical discussion of race in literature about Brazilian urban environmental degradation and water pollution. Most of the literature discusses what to do with the “problem” of the periphery neighbourhoods – called favelas – whose residents are often represented as polluters of the rivers near to which they live and as occupiers of ‘environmentally risky’ territory. In Brazil, it is common to encounter environmental education projects that incorporate a debate on economic inequalities and environment, but without mention of colonialism or race subjection. Using the case study of São Paulo, this paper shows how racism has been historically spatialized through the material production of the favela, as well as through its discursive production in mainstream media and literature. That environmental injustices taking place in racialized communities are officially accepted makes it crucial to problematize this hegemonic violence in educational spaces. I argue for the discussion of race, interconnected with class and gender, in environmental education. Paulo Freire’s principles of a pedagogy of the oppressed are critical to a discussion about the meaning of an anti-colonial pedagogy and thus, of the practice of anti-colonial environmental education.

A question often faced by conservationists in developing countries is whether their efforts to protect endangered species will ever work if they do not also address human poverty. Sea turtles are a classic example, and the source of an ongoing confl ict between the (global) conservation movement and people who have relied on them as a food source for hundreds of years. Inspired by high poaching rates on an as yet unstudied sea turtle nesting beach on the Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica, this paper attempts to elucidate the role that conservation agencies can play in the protection of the animals through the development of alternative livelihoods for poachers in the nearby village. It is argued that an approach of community development is necessary to, fi rstly, ensure that poachers benefi t from renouncing their previous livelihoods and lift their ‘veto’ over conservation efforts and, secondly, create the social fabric required to successfully sustain individual livelihood or community-based conservation projects in the future. The paper combines a practical analysis of the village’s livelihoods with a more conceptual exploration, based on the theory of autopoiesis, of the process of community development and how that process may be ‘manipulated’ to create ecologically responsive communities.

Within the shifting geography of capitalist imperialist power, the war on the home front has become a critical line of battle. Western urban centres are more than empty landscapes for the enactment of global agendas. They actively contribute to the international ascendancy of neoliberalism and the bodies of women and people of colour within them are the front line of economic, political, social and ideological marginalization. This paper takes up the intersectionality of race, gender and class relations as they are located within, and shaped by, urban processes in the West. Looking through the lens of David Harvey's theory of the production of capitalist urban space and its conceptual links with Marx's 'primitive' accumulation in his recent work on imperialism, I present an initial proposal on the material basis of gender and 'race' exploitation. I further explore how this interacts with more fully elaborated theories of class in the Marxist tradition, and how together they shape and are shaped by Western urban spaces and places. Harvey's work is important, not because it speaks directly or comprehensively to racialized or gendered divisions but because it is a highly detailed Marxist theorization of urban space. I do not take Harvey's ideas simply at face value, but 'rub them' together with theoretical and historical work on racialization, imperialism, urbanism and gender. Thus I make some necessary modifications to Harvey's propositions. It is my thesis that ongoing accumulation by dispossession as a second mode of accumulation that operates in a dialectical relationship to the system of commodity production, is the material basis of persistent racialized and gendered divisions in society as a whole and at the urban scale in particular. Accumulation by dispossession has been ideologically subordinated by capitalism as part of its triumphalist discourse of progress and freedom. But in actuality, it is the expression of patriarchal and racist imperialism within and alongside capitalism. Its ongoing coercive and violent appropriations, spatial segregation, and privatizations displace the costs of capitalist accumulation for accumulation's sake onto gendered and racialized bodies, separating them from the economic, political and social fruits of the capitalist system. My secondary argument suggests three distinct, sometimes conflicted, yet intertwined logics of power within modern society: capitalist logic, which rests primarily on the interests of capitalist producers; territorial logic, which expresses the imperative to command space at all scales; and corporeal logic, a patriarchal and racist, bio-political and carceral drive to control and socially construct gendered and racialized bodies. Finally, I propose that we take seriously the warnings of academics and activists who caution that the term 'neoliberalism' has become so broad and all encompassing that it is losing its incisiveness. As critical thinkers we need to analytically separate the processes of neoliberalism from neoracism, neopatriarchy, and neo imperialism. By applying an understanding of accumulation by dispossession as the ongoing basis of these latter configurations, and a renewed influence on capitalist commodity production, we can move past the polarized disciplinary landscapes of academic inquiry and segregated progressive politics that have resulted from a lack of precision in our analysis.

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of an economy from the perspective of systems and hierarchy theory. Economic systems are examined in two dimensions – the material and the functional – each of which is regarded as one aspect of a dual hierarchy. The issue of proper scaling is addressed. Throughout this examination, efforts are made to compare the organisation of economic systems with that of ecosystems. Finally, similarities and differences between the two are discussed.

The recent incorporation of pollution prevention provisions into environmental legislation are leading companies large and small – alike to work towards developing and implementing pollution prevention practices. In order to respond to the challenges of pollution prevention within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), this paper analyzes pollution prevention practices incorporated by four SMEs in the Metal Finishing Sector to gain insights into why and how they embraced the concept of pollution prevention. A qualitative research study was conducted to obtain viewpoints of SME representatives on the challenges and benefits they encountered during the implementation of pollution prevention practices, while exploring the incentives that prompted them to implement proactive measures. The data compiled for the analysis were gathered through a Questionnaire provided to the Environmental Managers of SMEs, and from semi-structured interviews with them. According to the SME representatives, their top three incentives for implementing P2 practices were: 'Improve Environmental Performance', 'Knowledge of Benefits' (e.g. cost reductions), and 'Regulatory Pressure'. Not only did the participants link pollution prevention practices to their obvious benefits to the environment, but also recognized the value-added benefits of such practices to the business bottom line. Furthermore, the experiences of four SMEs suggest that their top two challenges for implementing P2 practices are 'Unavailability of Technology' and 'Longer Payback Periods'. Major findings indicate that SMEs within the Metal Finishing Sector had unique interests and thus handled their pollution prevention activities differently. All the participating SMEs had implemented pollution prevention measures to some extent. However, their methods and approaches varied due to differences in company size, their management practices, unique culture and behavior, availability of knowledge, and financial capabilities of each SME metal finisher.

The central thesis that I intend to address in this paper is that the rise of the modern, industrial city produced a plethora of particular, urban phenomena that have been recorded and interpreted in various ways, and in various literary and theoretical texts, and that these treatments can be arranged, compared, and contrasted to reveal a critical interpretation of the modern, urban condition. Although the growth of metropolises gave rise to a myriad of responses during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this study focuses on particular twentieth century responses to the city, namely, the writings of Walter Benjamin and James Joyce.

Tzedekah (charity) tzedek (justice) and tikkun olam (social justice) are all elements of Jewish religious thought and practice. Members of the Jewish community sometimes view disability as related to charity. For example, when the need for a ramp is identified, congregants suggest a fundraiser. However, in order for disabled Jews to obtain justice, architectural adjustments must be accompanied by attitudinal changes. The rights of disabled persons must be conceived as human rights rather than as aspects of charity.

In Cambodia, as in rural areas worldwide, serious problems of increasing poverty, declining traditional livelihood activities, decreasing access to resources, and growing ecological destruction are necessitating new approaches to socio-economic development and conservation. Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) stands to play an important role in enhancing rural livelihood sustainability; however such programs and strategies are presently facing many challenges. The Sustainable Livelihoods (SL) approach has been linked to the better overall planning and implementation of activities, projects, and programs. Proponents of SL claim that it can facilitate a deeper understanding of rural dynamics and realities and, in turn, yield a wider reach for reducing poverty and enhancing social and ecological well-being. This paper explores: a) the use of a livelihoods approach as a way to increase understanding of rural livelihoods, and the factors that affect them, in less-known Mondulkiri province, northeastern Cambodia, and b) the implications of a livelihoods approach for CBNRM in Cambodia. It was found that the linking of CBNRM and SL has the potential to improve CBNRM practices, the deeper awareness and understanding brought by a livelihoods approach helping to ensure that CBNRM fits appropriately into the lives of people, as opposed to fitting people into CBNRM. And, although not a magic bullet, it does seem possible using a livelihoods approach to gain considerable insight into how to build sustainable rural livelihoods based on local people's meanings, experiences, and desires of livelihood, well-being, and sustainability.

In Cambodia, as in rural areas worldwide, serious problems of increasing poverty, declining traditional livelihood activities, decreasing access to resources, and growing ecological destruction are necessitating new approaches to socio-economic development and conservation. Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) stands to play an important role in enhancing rural livelihood sustainability; however such programs and strategies are presently facing many challenges. The Sustainable Livelihoods (SL) approach has been linked to the better overall planning and implementation of activities, projects, and programs. Proponents of SL claim that it can facilitate a deeper understanding of rural dynamics and realities and, in turn, yield a wider reach for reducing poverty and enhancing social and ecological well-being. This paper explores: a) the use of a livelihoods approach as a way to increase understanding of rural livelihoods, and the factors that affect them, in less-known Mondulkiri province, northeastern Cambodia, and b) the implications of a livelihoods approach for CBNRM in Cambodia. It was found that the linking of CBNRM and SL has the potential to improve CBNRM practices, the deeper awareness and understanding brought by a livelihoods approach helping to ensure that CBNRM fits appropriately into the lives of people, as opposed to fitting people into CBNRM. And, although not a magic bullet, it does seem possible using a livelihoods approach to gain considerable insight into how to build sustainable rural livelihoods based on local people's meanings, experiences, and desires of livelihood, well-being, and sustainability.

"This research paper examines the theories and principles of ecological planning, design and restoration as they apply to the development of a concept plan for a site located within the Rouge Park in the Greater Toronto Area. The paper outlines the theoretical and practical underpinnings used to analyze and assess the site, and develop appropriate recommendations. The disciplines on which this paper draws include: landscape ecology, ecological planning and design, ecological restoration, and public space planning. Concepts and guidelines from these disciplines are integrated into a plan, and accompanying recommendations. Both the plan and recommendations address the human and ecological components, and more importantly, their positive and successful interactions and connections on the site.

T his Major Paper is offered in the context of an ongoing journey, several expeditions, concurrent passages. Traveling over, around and inside thoughts, words and lived experiences, it examines notions of wilderness and human relations with the natural world. Situated in the context of wilderness environments in Ontario, this paper is an account of contacts between the author and her home through literary representations, relationships, and embodiment. It is both a grasp and a gift in that it is an attempt to take hold of ideas and sensations, to make meaning, while at the same time offering glimpses into human perceptions of, and relationships with the natural world. In its form and content this paper presents disjunctures between theory and practice; self and other; linguistic practices and the idea/event of a journey; sensing/perceptions of the natural world and language. Here nature moves beyond popular definitions and assumptions to include ideas of a wilderness as actor, process, a state of mind, a realm of power, mystery, spirit, a relational Other. Some of the central questions inspired by and carried along this written journey are: Can perception/writing be anything besides a restructuring of the world? Is there wilderness within language, within perception? How does one perceive/represent/live supposed binaries like self and other, freedom and constraint, or belonging and abjection, bound up within self and within relationships? How does human embodiment as part of nature affect these relationships? How do we ask in respectful ways? How do we ask without probing?

In December 2000, the National Assembly of Quebec adopted numerous bills that would lead to a reconfiguration of the municipal territorial organization. The amalgamation process modifies long-standing patterns of urban governance. Within the metropolitan region, Montreal's municipal water system has been directly affected by the changes. For the first time in its 200 year-old history, the entire municipal drinking water and sanitation infrastructure is brought under a single municipal administration: the new City of Montreal now comprising the 28 cities that used to exist on the island. This paper looks upon the operational, financial and environmental aspects of drinking water delivery that have been modified following the amalgamation.

This paper examines the recursive and highly productive dialectic between the constitutive effects of science as a social praxis and as the image of a very unique kind of social praxis. I argue that dominant images of modern science engender a dangerous logic of reification though their appropriation of narratives of objectivity that claim a methodological path to unmediated or "natural" knowledge. Representations of science that fail to recognise their specificity as representations by abstracting human agency from the processes of representing science and scientifically representing nature, reify unexamined ideological presumptions (about human and nonhuman nature, and about science itself) within the kinds of scientific representations of nature that these representations of science engender.

Continual growth of the New Brunswick's pulp and paper industry since the late 1920s eventually brought the industry into conflict with the eastern spruce budworm (Choristineura fumiferana). This paper explores the evolution of budworm management since the 1950s, through an examination of the justifications behind the chosen control strategy of aerial insecticide spraying and the development of these justifications over time; through an examination of the criticisms of the spray program and the forest management practices that were linked to it; and, through an analysis of the design of the proposed control program for assessing responses to past criticisms.

The Canadian Rocky Mountains offer spectacular settings and the necessary topographic features to be conducive to mountain biking. Calgary, one of the major population centres of the region, which has a proportion of mountain bike riders, is situated close to a high concentration of National Parks and other protected areas. The protected areas are therefore an important component of the local and regional outdoor recreation system. However, recreation can impose considerable stress on the parks ecosystems and is often incompatible with their mandate. The study combined the Visitor Activity Management Process with the Appropriateness Model in order to focus on policies regarding recreation and mountain biking in the Canadian Rocky Mountains and to offer a situational analysis, an examination of management strategies and specific recommendations.

The preservation of the Oak Ridges Moraine has forced an unprecedented examination of the ramifications of traditional urban growth patterns on natural systems. In 2000 and 2001, the focus of the debate became the relatively narrow corridor of undeveloped land that runs through the Town of Richmond Hill linking more undisturbed halves of the Moraine to the west and east. Using this 'ground zero' as a springboard, this paper, informed by the tenets of landscape ecology, examines the planning framework as a source of, and possible solution to, the ecological issues engendered by the forces of urban growth in the GTA. The planning framework is defined to include the legal framework, the policy framework and the effect of the Ontario Municipal Board, which interprets the planning framework in arbitrating land use decisions to finality. The planning framework will be revealed as largely pro-growth, inhibiting ecologically innovative approaches to land use, such as is needed presently on the Moraine. It concludes that an ecologically comprehensive and legally binding policy framework would allow more ecologically informed and innovative land use decisions, by mitigating the pro-growth effects of the legal structure and by providing appropriate direction for the OMB. Interestingly, this paper was completed only a few months before the Ontario Government introduced and then passed the Oak Ridges Moraine Conservation Act, a measure that went beyond anything this author would have predicated possible from the government of the day. A remarkable example of the effect public protestation can have on governments in power.

This paper is an exploration the work of a potent image: the human-instrumental-material work required to produce a karyotype, as well as the work done by the image, both in clinical settings, and as a public emblem of "the human genome". In keeping with theoretical accounts of the visual in science studies, I conduct an ethnographic exploration of the resolution of ambiguous bodies into their genomic portrait. Next, I leave the specific context of the image's production to speculate on the existence of "genome presence", which, much like "fetal presence", relies on public consumption of newly visible objects.

This study questions the view that privileges planning professionals with the right and responsibility of building the city. Instead, it brings social movements, everyday practices and a cultural politics to the foreground of a study of architecture understood simultaneously as a profession, a built form and a way of life. The study of spatial practices in Mexico City, in conjunction with a reading of Lefebvre, presents the concept of space as a potential site for articulating a social/ecological project through planning and architecture in light of a democratisation of the planning process and a politicisation of urban spaces.

This major paper constitutes an experiment in form and content that is informed by notions of holism and interconnection as they are expressed in ecofeminism and holistic medicine. Using my autobiography as a vehicle, I have attempted to create a narrative that speaks to the connections that exist between the earth-body and the human-body. Having returned from Zimbabwe both physically ill and soul-sick, I sought solace in holistic healing. On one level, this journey led me to a greater understanding of the connections that exist between the health of my body and the health of the environment that surrounds me. On another, this journey also led me to a greater understanding of the healing power of the environment, both as it informed the treatments I was receiving, and as it allowed the discovery of a space where I could reconcile myself to the happenings of the world I live in. The following excerpt is taken from the first and second movements of my major paper. Two Black Threads is a snapshot of the entirety of my thesis. It traces themes of connection to ancestry and earth, suffering and spirit, and healing through embodied writing. The second movement, Broken Open, constitutes the beginning of my journey. It is comprised of a series of vignettes that explore the time I spent in Zimbabwe, and how my relationships with the land and its people uncovered a new and vulnerable way of being – a way of being that left me painfully open and bare when I returned home to Canada.

The gasoline automobile has dominated the transportation sector for most of the 20th century, and particularly since 1950 as its numbers have increased twelve-fold and its image of individual mobility, comfort and convenience has been enhanced. Under any plausible scenario, transportation energy demand will continue to increase into the foreseeable future and will likely maintain its dependence on petroleum fuels. If petroleum companies are to survive the future, they must diversify into energy companies with a stake in renewable, non-fossil energy sources. Recognizing the need for change, some companies have already taken the initiative through cooperative partnerships with renewable energy technologies. In the final analysis, the role of alternative transportation fuels in any sustainable transportation strategy will be determined by their economic and environmental performance.

The nation-state has traditionally been viewed as the central, if not exclusive, actor in global politics. Industry, however, is increasingly acknowledged as a powerful and influential voice, particularly during the development of international environmental agreements. This paper focuses upon the biotechnology industry as an actor within global environmental politics and explores the participation of the biotechnology industry within the negotiations leading towards the establishment of a Biosafety Protocol pursuant to the Convention on Biological Diversity.

It may be argued that, since the latter half of the nineteenth century, the field of fisheries conservation and management in North America has been shaped and molded by periodic crises which have, in turn, induced periods of exploration. These periods of exploration have often resulted in fundamental adjustments to the then-dominant fisheries management paradigm. At present, it may be possible that the field of fisheries conservation and management is experiencing a paradigm shift as a result of persistent crises in the global fisheries. It remains to be seen, though, whether these new theories and ideas will be capable of ultimately propelling such a shift towards a fundamentally different way of interacting with the natural environment.

Two dimensions of inequity, namely, gender inequity and poverty, contribute to conditions of ill health. The current models of health, specifically, biomedicine, indigenous systems of medicine and health promotion, come short in meeting the complex and comprehensive health needs required. The Integrated Human Ecosystem Perspective (IHE) brings together aspects of biomedicine and indigenous systems of medicine under the purview of a social justice framework as best accommodated by health promotion. Within the IHE perspective, biomedicine contributes its skills and knowledge of human biology and disease; indigenous systems of medicine integrate the socio-cultural perspective and health promotion provides the socio-political and ecological tenets. The health-enhancing tenets from the three models are brought together into a singular perspective that should prove more effective in improving the health of the population.

Reduced work time (RWT) has historically been sought as both a way to create jobs by better distributing available work, and as a way to improve quality of life by giving workers more time away from the job. Today, in response to evident ecological constraints on human activities, an ecological argument for RWT has also emerged. This paper outlines why RWT has a great deal of promise as part of an ecological vision which recognizes not only the importance of "efficiency" in our use of nature, but also the more challenging question of "sufficiency" which involves limiting our material aspirations. The paper also raises some complications, and suggests that RWT can be copied by a productivist vision based on the possibility and desirability of unlimited economic growth. Some tentative thoughts will be provided on how the ecological merits of this promising idea can be strengthened and the pitfalls of productivism avoided in pursuit of a green vision of working less, consuming less, and living more. Note: This paper has been expanded into a book of the same title. It is found in the new Faculty Books section.

This paper argues that breast implants must be understood as having important implications for women's equality in Canadian society. An examination of discourses about female beauty and the institutional contexts of a patriarchal medical system and capitalist patriarchy support this argument. The author cautions that a feminist analysis of the breast implant issue must not be based either on a notion of the body as "nature" or of women as victims who do not make genuine choices to have breast implants.

This paper considers the investments medical science has in the question of the origins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). From two hypotheses posited on the conditions of possibility of the question of origins in medical science, the paper moves to analyze how the question invokes and defines medical scientific responses to the epidemic, instantiated certain practices and produces particular effects that bear on how the pathos of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is made intelligible and managed. These problems are addressed through a specific focus on the assumptions, projections and reorientation's of the prevailing theory that HIV is of a zoonotic origin. If the method of this paper is to question the question of origins, the purpose in doing so is to raise for concern the ethicality of responses to the emergency of AIDS.

This paper discusses the role of health in society, and the struggle to determine the fundamental meaning of health and its implications for the practice of health promotion. Particular emphasis is placed on the new social movements, particularly the women's health movement, and their interactions with state-sponsored health care systems.

The ecological restoration movement is based on the premise that people can intervene in natural processes to help repair damaged land. This inquiry is an exploration of forms of restoration that differ in the degree to which they challenge the current social order. The restoration program in Hamilton, Ontario is evaluated against criteria for successful restoration. Barriers to success in this case are linked to a generalized "crisis of modernity".

This paper expresses a series of explorations of theoretical knowings embodied in certain strands of feminist, poststructuralist, postmodern, and critical theories as they illuminate and may be illuminated by the ground of teaching practice in English language instruction and teacher education. At the same time, this paper is constituted by that series of explorations, in that the two participatory research projects and associated dialogues, art and graphics, reflections, narratives and juxtapositions have created the material body of this work.

This paper used a case study of Environmentally Appropriate Affordable Housing (EAAH) to explore ways to reduce the environmental impact and improve affordability of suburban housing. It explores Danish planning structures, implementation and policy and how they supported the realization of the EAAH case study. Difficulties in establishing environmental priorities, deciding between competing objectives and the value of using qualitative, non-economic analysis are articulated. Integrative planning and policy approaches involving resident and stakeholder participation and education are found to be preferable and less expensive then purely technological approaches to EAAH. The paper concludes with a summary of the case study findings and examines factors, which led to its success as well as identifying compromises and unresolved issues.

This paper focuses on the phenomenon of involuntary migration due to environmental decline or catastrophe. The paper considers the legitimacy of the term 'environmental refugee' with regard the widely accepted definition of a refugee articulated in the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of refugees. The Convention recognizes the violation of only political and civil rights as a basis for refugee status. This study challenges this definition with the suggestion that, as a product of its historical and political times, the 1951 definition fails to reflect the current realities of forced migration as embodied by the environmental refugee.

The novel centres on two characters, Istvan Szabo, a Hungarian law student writing for an English newspaper in Budapest, and Peter Horvath, a Toronto property developer of Hungarian ancestry. As Hungary comes out of its Communist past, Peter is called upon by his firm to travel to Budapest to capitalize on the opening market. Through his experiences in Hungary, Peter connects with this world of his parents. As Budapest moves towards the West, Peter finds himself drifting into its past. Peter and Istvan meet and become friends and both their lives are slowly transformed as the city is transformed. It is the story of Budapest and Toronto. It is the story of what happened in the former Communist Block.

The paper explores the shaping of utopia and its role in society. It investigates this role with reference to the transformation of the genre by feminist science fiction writers during the 1970's. With reviews of recent and seminal works in the field of utopian studies, the paper examines the political nature of the utopian process.